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| + | ====== Raspberry Pi Fog Class Devices Hardware Review ====== | ||
| + | {{: | ||
| + | == Hardware == | ||
| + | Hardware boards (depending on the manufactured model) contain interfaces: | ||
| + | == Processor == | ||
| + | The first Raspberry Pi 2 models use the 900 MHz Broadcom BCM2836 SoC 32-bit quad-core ARM Cortex-A7 processor with a shared 256 KB L2 cache. After these earlier models, the Raspberry Pi 2 V1.2 has been upgraded to a Broadcom BCM2837 SoC equipped with a 1.2 GHz 64-bit quad-core ARM Cortex-A53 processor. Next, the Raspberry Pi 3 series uses the same SoC. They use the Broadcom BCM2837 SoC with a 1.2 GHz 64-bit quad-core ARM Cortex-A53 processor with a 512 KB shared L2 cache. The Raspberry Pi 3B+ uses the same processor (BCM2837B0) running at 1.4 GHz. The Raspberry Pi 4 is based on Broadcom BCM2711, a quad-core Cortex-A72 64-bit SoC at 1.5 GHz. Raspberry Pi 5 works with a maximum of 2.4GHz. The following Raspberry Pi generations will be increasingly powerful, but their power consumption is also rising, forcing developers to use CPU and GPU heatsinks and more robust power sources. | ||
| + | |||
| + | == RAM == | ||
| + | The initial Raspberry Pi boards were designed with 128 MB RAM, which was allocated between the GPU and CPU by default. In the newer edition (including Model B and Model A), the RAM was extended to 256 MB and split into the regions. The default split was 192 MB (RAM for CPU), which is sufficient for standalone 1080p video decoding or 3D modelling. Models B with 512 MB RAM initially, memory was split into files released (arm256_start.elf, | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Networking == | ||
| + | The Model A, A+ and Pi Zero have no dedicated Ethernet interface and can be connected to a network using an external USB Ethernet or WiFi adapter. In Models B and B+, the Ethernet port is built-in to the USB Ethernet adapter using the SMSC LAN9514 chip. The Raspberry Pi 3 and Pi Zero W (wireless) models are equipped with 2.4 GHz WiFi 802.11n (150 Mbit/s) and Bluetooth 4.1 (24 Mbit/s) based on Broadcom BCM43438 FullMAC chip. The Raspberry Pi 3 also has a 10/100 Ethernet port. The latest Raspberry Pi 4 contains a dual band 2.4 / 5 GHz WiFi network adapter (IEEE 802.11ac), Bluetooth 5.0, and Gigabit Ethernet. | ||
| + | == Peripherals == | ||
| + | The Raspberry Pi may be controlled with any generic USB keyboard and mouse. It can also use USB storage, USB to MIDI converters, and virtually any other device/ | ||
| + | Other peripherals can be attached through the various pins and connectors on the surface of the Raspberry Pi. | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Video subsystem == | ||
| + | The video controller supports standard modern TV resolutions, | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Real-Time Clock == | ||
| + | None of the current Raspberry Pi models has a built-in real-time clock. Developers who need real clock time in their project can retrieve the time from a network time server (NTP) or use the external RTC module connected to the board via SPI or I²C interface. To save the file system consistency, | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Hardware Specification == | ||
| + | Following tables {{ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | <table rpit1> | ||
| + | < | ||
| + | ^ Version | ||
| + | ^ | **RPi 1 Model A** | **RPi 1 Model A+** | **RPi 3 Model A+** | | ||
| + | ^ Release date | 2/ | ||
| + | ^ Target price (USD) | 25 | 20 | 25 | | ||
| + | ^ Instruction set | ARMv6Z (32-bit) | ||
| + | ^ SoC | Broadcom BCM2835 | ||
| + | ^ FPU | VFPv2; NEON not supported | ||
| + | ^ CPU | 1× ARM1176JZF-S 700 MHz || 4× Cortex-A53 1.4 GHz | | ||
| + | ^ GPU | Broadcom VideoCore IV @ 250 MHz (BCM2837: 3D part of GPU @ 300 MHz, video part of GPU @ 400 MHz) ||| | ||
| + | | ::: | OpenGL ES 2.0 (BCM2835, BCM2836: 24 GFLOPS / BCM2837: 28.8 GFLOPS) | ||
| + | | ::: | MPEG-2 and VC-1 (with license), 1080p30 H.264/ | ||
| + | ^ Memory (SDRAM) | ||
| + | ^ USB 2.0 ports | 1 (direct from BCM2835 chip) || 1 (direct from BCM2837B0 chip) | | ||
| + | | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | | ||
| + | | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | | ||
| + | ^ Video input | 15-pin MIPI camera interface (CSI) connector, used with the Raspberry Pi camera or Raspberry Pi NoIR camera | ||
| + | ^ Video outputs | ||
| + | ^ Audio inputs | ||
| + | ^ Audio outputs | ||
| + | ^ On-board storage | ||
| + | ^ On-board network | ||
| + | | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | | ||
| + | | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | | ||
| + | ^ Low-level peripherals | ||
| + | | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | | ||
| + | | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | | ||
| + | | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | | ||
| + | ^ Power ratings | ||
| + | ^ Power source | ||
| + | ^ Size | 85.60 mm × 56.5 mm (3.370 in × 2.224 in), excluding protruding connectors | ||
| + | ^ Weight | ||
| + | ^ Console | ||
| + | ^ Generation | ||
| + | ^ Obsolescence | ||
| + | ^ | ::: | ::: | ::: | | ||
| + | ^ Statement | ||
| + | ^ Type | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | <table rpit2> | ||
| + | < | ||
| + | ^ Version | ||
| + | ^ ::: | **RPi 1 Model B** | **RPi 1 Model B+** | **RPi 2 Model B** | **RPi 2 Model B v1.2** | ||
| + | ^Release date |April–June 2012|7/ | ||
| + | ^Target price (USD) |35|25|35|||| | ||
| + | ^Instruction set |ARMv6Z (32-bit)||ARMv7-A (32-bit)|ARMv8-A (64/ | ||
| + | ^SoC |Broadcom BCM2835||Broadcom BCM2836|Broadcom BCM2837||Broadcom BCM2837B0| | ||
| + | ^FPU |VFPv2; NEON not supported||VFPv3 + NEON|VFPv4 + NEON||| | ||
| + | ^CPU |1× ARM1176JZF-S 700 MHz||4× Cortex-A7 900 MHz|4× Cortex-A53 900 MHz|4× Cortex-A53 1.2 GHz|4× Cortex-A53 1.4 GHz| | ||
| + | ^GPU | Broadcom VideoCore IV @ 250 MHz (BCM2837: 3D part of GPU @ 300 MHz, video part of GPU @ 400 MHz) |||||| | ||
| + | ^ ::: | OpenGL ES 2.0 (BCM2835, BCM2836: 24 GFLOPS / BCM2837: 28.8 GFLOPS) | ||
| + | ^ ::: | MPEG-2 and VC-1 (with license), 1080p30 H.264/ | ||
| + | ^Memory (SDRAM) | ||
| + | ^USB 2.0 ports |2 (via on-board 3-port USB hub)|4 (via on-board 5-port USB hub)||||| | ||
| + | ^ ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | | ||
| + | ^ ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | | ||
| + | ^Video input | 15-pin MIPI camera interface (CSI) connector, used with the Raspberry Pi camera or Raspberry Pi NoIR camera | ||
| + | ^Video outputs | ||
| + | ^Audio inputs | ||
| + | ^Audio outputs | ||
| + | ^On-board storage | ||
| + | ^On-board network | ||
| + | ^ ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: |802.11b/ | ||
| + | ^ ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: |Bluetooth 4.1 BLE|Bluetooth 4.2 LS BLE| | ||
| + | ^Low-level peripherals | ||
| + | ^ ::: | | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | | ||
| + | ^ ::: |An additional 4× GPIO are available on the P5 pad if the user is willing to make solder connections| ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | | ||
| + | ^ ::: | | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | | ||
| + | ^Power ratings | ||
| + | ^Power source | ||
| + | ^Size |85.60 mm × 56.5 mm (3.370 in × 2.224 in), excluding protruding connectors||||85.60 mm × 56.5 mm × 17 mm (3.370 in × 2.224 in × 0.669 in)|| | ||
| + | ^Weight | ||
| + | ^Console | ||
| + | ^Generation | ||
| + | ^Obsolescence | ||
| + | ^ | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | | ||
| + | ^Statement | ||
| + | ^Type ^ **Model B** ^^^^^| | ||
| + | |||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | <table rpit3> | ||
| + | < | ||
| + | ^ Version | ||
| + | ^ | **Compute Module 1** | **Compute Module 3**\\ &\\ **Compute Module 3 Lite** | ||
| + | ^ Release date | ||
| + | ^ Instruction set | ARMv6Z (32-bit) | ||
| + | ^ SoC | Broadcom BCM2835 | ||
| + | ^ FPU | VFPv2; NEON not supported | ||
| + | ^ CPU | 1× ARM1176JZF-S 700 MHz | ||
| + | ^ GPU | Broadcom VideoCore IV @ 250 MHz (BCM2837: 3D part of GPU @ 300 MHz, video part of GPU @ 400 MHz) ||| Broadcom VideoCore VI @ 500 MHz | | ||
| + | ^ Memory (SDRAM) | ||
| + | ^ USB 2.0 ports | 1 (direct from BCM2835 chip) | 1 (direct from BCM2837 chip) | 1 (direct from BCM2837B0 chip) | 1 | | ||
| + | ^ Video input | 2× MIPI camera interface (CSI) ||| 2-lane MIPI CSI camera interface, \\ 4-lane MIPI CSI camera interface | ||
| + | ^ Video outputs | ||
| + | ^ On-board storage | ||
| + | ^ On-board network | ||
| + | ^ Low-level peripherals | ||
| + | ^ Power ratings | ||
| + | ^ Power source | ||
| + | ^ Size | ||
| + | ^ Obsolescence | ||
| + | ^ Type | ||
| + | |||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | <table rpit4> | ||
| + | < | ||
| + | ^ Version | ||
| + | ^ ::: | **RPi Zero PCB v1.2** | ||
| + | ^Release date |11/ | ||
| + | ^Target price (USD) |5||10| | ||
| + | ^Instruction set |ARMv6Z (32-bit)||| | ||
| + | ^SoC |Broadcom BCM2835||| | ||
| + | ^FPU |VFPv2; NEON not supported||| | ||
| + | ^CPU |1× ARM1176JZF-S 1 GHz||| | ||
| + | ^GPU | Broadcom VideoCore IV @ 250 MHz (BCM2837: 3D part of GPU @ 300 MHz, video part of GPU @ 400 MHz) ||| | ||
| + | ^ ::: | OpenGL ES 2.0 (BCM2835, BCM2836: 24 GFLOPS / BCM2837: 28.8 GFLOPS) | ||
| + | ^ ::: | MPEG-2 and VC-1 (with license), 1080p30 H.264/ | ||
| + | ^Memory (SDRAM) | ||
| + | ^USB 2.0 ports |1 Micro-USB (direct from BCM2835 chip)||| | ||
| + | ^ ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | | ||
| + | ^ ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | | ||
| + | ^Video input |None|MIPI camera interface (CSI)|| | ||
| + | ^Video outputs | ||
| + | ^Audio inputs | ||
| + | ^Audio outputs | ||
| + | ^On-board storage | ||
| + | ^On-board network | ||
| + | ^ ::: | ::: | ::: |Bluetooth 4.1 BLE| | ||
| + | ^ ::: | ::: | ::: | | | ||
| + | ^Low-level peripherals | ||
| + | ^ ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | | ||
| + | ^ ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | | ||
| + | ^ ::: | ::: | ::: | ::: | | ||
| + | ^Power ratings | ||
| + | ^Power source | ||
| + | ^Size |65 mm × 30 mm × 5 mm (2.56 in × 1.18 in × 0.20 in)||| | ||
| + | ^Weight | ||
| + | ^Console | ||
| + | ^Generation | ||
| + | ^Obsolescence | ||
| + | ^ | ::: | ::: | ::: | | ||
| + | ^Statement | ||
| + | ^Type ^ **Zero** | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | <table rpit5> | ||
| + | < | ||
| + | ^ Version | ||
| + | ^ | **Pi4** | ||
| + | ^ Release date | 01/ | ||
| + | ^ SoC | Broadcom BCM2711 | ||
| + | ^ CPU | 1,5 GHz quad-core ARM-8 Cortex-A72 (64-bit) | ||
| + | ^ GPU | Broadcom VideoCore VII || | ||
| + | ^ Memory (SDRAM) | ||
| + | ^ USB ports | USB 2x2.0 2x3.0 || | ||
| + | ^ Video outputs | ||
| + | ^ Audio outputs | ||
| + | ^ On-board storage | ||
| + | ^ On-board network | ||
| + | ^ Low-level peripherals | ||
| + | ^ Power source | ||
| + | ^ Size | 85,60 mm × 56,50 mm || | ||
| + | ^ Weight | ||
| + | ^ OS systems | ||
| + | ^ Type | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | ===== Raspberry Pi Boards ===== | ||
| + | As for today, on the market, a few models of Raspberry Pi boards are available, from tiny ones to more powerful ones. Users can choose the right board to fit the price and functionality of their project development needs. Figures {{ref> | ||
| + | <figure rpi1> | ||
| + | {{ : | ||
| + | < | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | <figure rpi2> | ||
| + | {{ : | ||
| + | < | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | <figure rpi3> | ||
| + | {{ : | ||
| + | < | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | <figure rpi4> | ||
| + | {{ : | ||
| + | < | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | <figure rpi5> | ||
| + | {{ : | ||
| + | < | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | <figure rpi6> | ||
| + | {{ : | ||
| + | < | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | <figure rpi7> | ||
| + | {{ : | ||
| + | < | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | <figure rpi8> | ||
| + | {{ : | ||
| + | < | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | <figure rpi9> | ||
| + | {{ : | ||
| + | < | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | <figure rpi10> | ||
| + | {{ : | ||
| + | < | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | ===== General-Purpose Input-Output (GPIO) Connector ===== | ||
| + | Each Raspberry Pi model is equipped with a standard 34/40-pis male connector containing universal GPIO ports, VCC 3.3/5V, GND, CLK, I2C/SPI bus pins, which developers can use to connect their external sensors, switches and other controlled devices to the Raspberry Pi board and then program their behaviour within the code loaded to the board. | ||
| + | * Raspberry Pi 1 Models A+ and B+, Pi 2 Model B, Pi 3 Model B and Pi Zero (and Zero W) GPIO J8 have a 40-pin pinout. Raspberry Pi 1 Models A and B have only the first 26 pins. | ||
| + | <figure label> | ||
| + | {{ : | ||
| + | < | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | * Model B rev. 2 also has a pad (P5 on the board and P6 on the schematics) of 8 pins, offering access to 4 GPIO connections. | ||
| + | <figure label> | ||
| + | {{ : | ||
| + | < | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===== HDMI Port ===== | ||
| + | Each Raspberry Pi model is equipped with the standard, mini or micro HDMI port, which allows the user to connect the monitor or TV set to the board. The electronic schematic is shown in the picture. | ||
| + | <figure label> | ||
| + | {{ : | ||
| + | < | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===== Camera Port CSI ===== | ||
| + | Raspberry Pi boars Zero, 1, A+, 2, 3, 4 and 5 are equipped with a Camera interface (CSI) port, allowing the user to connect the CCD camera following the MIPI standard. | ||
| + | <figure label> | ||
| + | {{ : | ||
| + | < | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | <figure label> | ||
| + | {{ : | ||
| + | < | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===== Display Port (DSI) ===== | ||
| + | Raspberry Pi boards 2 to 5 have an LCD Display interface(DSI) port, allowing the user to connect the LCD touch display to the board. | ||
| + | The official Raspberry Pi LCD touch display shown in the figure below is 800 x 480 dpi 7" in size and can be connected to the Raspberry board using the DSI interface. Such an assembly can be used in the projects to display a controlling application view, and the ability to handle fingers and a touchscreen controls the project behaviour. The LCD can be mounted in portrait/ | ||
| + | <figure label> | ||
| + | {{ : | ||
| + | < | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | <figure label> | ||
| + | {{ : | ||
| + | < | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | =====USB and LAN Ports===== | ||
| + | Raspberry PI models Zero, 1, A+, 2, 3, 4 and 5 contain USB ports (from 1 up to 4), and all but Zero also have a LAN port for TCP/IP network connections. These ports can be used for mouse/ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Since generation 4, devices are equipped with 2 USB 3.0 ports as in figure {{ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | Starting with Raspberry 3B+, the Ethernet port is a gigabit one that can reach up to 1Gbps, theoretically. Prior 3B (including) it is fast Ethernet, 100Mbps. | ||
| + | |||
| + | <note tip>In RPI 3B+, gigabit Ethernet is connected internally to the USB 2.0 controller with a maximum throughput of about 480Mbps (practical 200Mbsp); thus, the maximum transfer is limited.</ | ||
| + | |||
| + | <figure rpiports> | ||
| + | {{ : | ||
| + | < | ||
| + | </ | ||